Winstar How Old Do You Have To Be

microbial population of the human body

microbiota and Man: an intense relationship between microorganisms and humans

The interaction between humans and microorganisms is inevitable and many of them as soon as we leave the protective womb in which there are sterile conditions, establishing their residence in or on the body. Microorganisms are present in all districts of our body, except the central nervous system (CNS), blood and internal organs and tissues, and the increased concentration of metabolic activity and therefore they can be found in the last portion of the intestine. The set of microbial populations in the human body is called microbiota (Tannok, 1995) and is equivalent to that of normal microbial flora. The composition of microbial communities that live in our body is affected by genotype, sex, age, state of immune maturation and environmental factors and is therefore highly variable in human populations. For example, in the skin permanently resident Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus species of the genus that have adapted to particular environmental conditions, slightly acidic pH, presence of antimicrobial secretions and use the sebum that is rich in organic acids, lipids and amino acids. The oral cavity contains a complex microbiota, about 500 species, mostly bacteria, but even protozoa (Entamoeba gingivalis, Trichomonas tenax) and fungi (Candida albicans), which consists of facultative anaerobes and required, each species occupies a particular ecological niche in relation to their environmental requirements. For example, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius species which are facultative anaerobes, growing respectively on the enamel of the teeth and tongue, while species of the genus Bacteroides, as the obligate anaerobes have adapted to grow in gum pockets where there are anaerobic conditions .

Before focusing on microbiota of the intestinal tract, we have to make some considerations: 1) the prokaryotic cells in our body at least a factor of 10 than those of eukaryotic 2) the weight of the entire mass of resident microbes in our body is about a kilo, or more than some important organs like the heart or kidneys, and then we could talk about a real microbial organisms in more than 3) genetic analysis carried out by an international consortium METAHIT (Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract) has shown that the microbiome, or the complex genes belonging to the microbiota, has 150 times more genes of the human species that hosts (and Dusko METAHIT, 2010). These considerations lead us to say that from the biological point of view, we humans should not consider the individual, but rather a highly diverse community and co-developed by members belonging to the domains of eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea.

microbiota of the intestinal tract
The upper intestine is sparsely populated by microbes, but from the ileum microbial concentration grows to 1011-1012 colony forming units per gram (cfu / g) in the colon. Up to 1000 microbial species, but the number is certainly underestimated, are present in the large intestine and it is believed that 30 to 50% of the content of the human colon is made up of bacteria. The concentration (in terms of density microbial population) and composition (in terms of genres and types of species present) is due to several environmental factors in the various districts of the intestinal tract. Since environmental conditions vary along the intestinal tract, also changes the composition of the microbiota. The intense flow of content in the first section does not allow a large accumulation of microorganisms and pancreatic secretions and liver limit the accumulation of them. At the bottom of the flow of the intestinal tract contents (digested food) becomes slower and this favors the large increase in the microbial community in terms of cfu / g. The diet of the individual can influence the composition of the community resident microbes, eg bifidobacteria are more prevalent in vegetarian subjects. Due to the anaerobic conditions of the lower intestinal tract, bacteria are predominant obligate anaerobes than optional. There may be significant differences in the composition depending on whether you look at the luminal side or the mucosal intestine: a mucosal level can be microaerobic conditions (oxygen coming from the tissues) and a greater concentration of antimicrobial substances (lactoferrin, and defensins other antimicrobial peptides). Consequently, there may be variability depending on species or strains of the consignment. The gut microbial species may be transient or permanent. Most species are commensals, some are potentially pathogenic, others play a beneficial role for the health of the host. The strains with beneficial properties recognized, belonging to the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, in this case, the relationship you establish with these intestinal microbiota can be described as mutualistic symbiosis with benefits for both partners of the report. However, the function of most members of the intestinal microbial community is unknown why it is often difficult to assign a role to each species. Some potential pathogens (Candida, Clostridium) at low population density, could play a role beneficial contribution to the maturation of the immune system. The intestinal microbiota is unique to each individual and is the result of the interaction between the human host and an environment populated by microorganisms from birth and throughout life. Microbial communities have co-evolved with their human hosts or animals. Our first encounter with microbes is in the birth canal and the first colonization of the intestinal tract (initially sterile) is due to maternal intestinal and vaginal microbiota. Before birth the fetus, including the intestine is sterile, the birth interrupts this sterility: the microbial colonization begins immediately, natural childbirth exposes the child to the flora microbial mother (intestinal and vaginal) and includes genres such as Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and enteric bacteria that are the initial source of bacteria. The relationships between humans, the ingestion of food and all the contacts define and stabilize the environmental microbial community persisted. Microbial species are periodically introduced transitional dynamics of an association with the result that lasts a lifetime. In the age of the host, the first microbes are facultative anaerobes, however, obligate anaerobes (Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria) appear a few days after birth. The facultative anaerobes such as enterobacteria, they reduce the redox potential of the intestine by promoting colonization by anaerobes (Isolauri et al, 2004).
ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL-METABOLIC microbiota INTESTINAL
The intestinal microbiota in the colon plays a major metabolic activity for example is involved in the fermentation of undigested oligosaccharides of exogenous origin (fibers, cellulose, etc.). Endogenous or (mucopolysaccharides, mucin). Fermentation of various types of oligosaccharides is of benefit to the host because it provides additional sources of energy as short-chain fatty acids. For example, butyric acid is a source of energy for intestinal epithelial cells and is important for the health of the colonic mucosa. Another aspect is the production vitamins (B complex and K) and metabolism of bile acids with consequent reduction in the available pool of bile acids for the synthesis of cholesterol. In addition, the microbiota improve digestion and absorption of some nutrients and increase the surface area.
microbiota and immune system
The microbiota represent a stimulus for the immune system (antigen challenge) and cause the maturation of the gut associated lymphoid tissue. At birth, our immune system is immature and is spread through exposure to microbes: the adjoining gut lymphoid tissue (eg Peyer's patches) and the production of IgA, an increase due to the presence of intestinal microbiota. Therefore, the microbiota are important for the development of constitutive and specific host defenses at mucosal. Preliminary data obtained in studies on human hosts indicates a role for bifidobacteria in the maturation of the immune system and allergic states. Colonization with Bacteroides species of the genus is associated with the maturation of the humoral immune system.
physiological inflammation: This phenomenon is due to massive stimulation of the mucosal immune system by luminal antigens Costituto mainly by bacteria of the intestinal microflora and their components. The presence of bacteria in the intestine promotes the emergence of populations of cells that maintain the epithelium in a state of physiological inflammation, to facilitate the generation of a rapid defense response against invading pathogens.
immuno-modulatory role: In some allergic diseases of childhood have observed lower levels of bifidobacteria and higher levels of species of the genus Clostridium than in healthy subjects. Other studies have reported a predominance of Bifidobacterium adolescens in allergic children and in healthy children is the Bifidobacterium bifidum to prevail. These two species suggest a different profile of cytokines, in vitro studies it was shown that Bifidobacterium adolescens induces the secretion of TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 by macrophages, and Bifidobacterium bifidum stimulates the production of IL-10 by regulatory T lymphocytes (Isolauri et al, 2008).
ANTAGONISM WITH PATHOGENIC
The intestinal microbiota provide protection against pathogenic micro-organisms with a dual strategy: competition for nutrients and sites of pathogen attack and applying a barrier function through the production of bacteriocins (antimicrobial peptides, such acidophylina produced by L.acidophylus) acting antipatogena (Servin et al, 2004).
The importance of the beneficial role of the microbiota has been demonstrated using animals (especially birds, rodents and farm animals) Axenia or germ-free, or to be born and maintained under sterile conditions and thus of no microbiota. Animals Axenia need the addition of vitamin K in their diet have an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, also the adjoining gut lymphoid tissue and consequently the humoral mucosal immunity is poorly developed compared to that of conventional animals. Normally co-exist peacefully with our microbiota, however, any factor that alters our ecosystem gastrointestinal (GI) can potentially lead to disease. For example, the antibiotic treatment, surgery, chemotherapy or concomitant chronic or degenerative diseases that weaken our immune system, can cause the invasion of the resident microbiota of our systemic areas (areas taboo, or sterile saline). Appendix perforation or accidental perforation of the intestine during surgery allows the invasion of bacteria in the peritoneal cavity that surrounds the GI tract. and from there enter the bloodstream.


Conclusions The complexity of the microbiota makes it difficult to assign a role to each microbial species, for example, that allows us to establish a cause-effect relationship between certain diseases and altered composition of the microbiota. Some researchers have used "gnotobioti" or bacterial species known implanted in germ-free animal. Obviously the study of community microbial as a whole - at least 1000 species-can not be studied in this way. There remain several open questions: for example, understanding the molecular mechanisms of the host-organism within the gut (communication between the microbiota and epithelial cells and the regulation of gastrointestinal endocrine cells), the relationships between different microbial species microbiota and the effects of these interactions with the host. Another objective of the research in this field is to identify and characterize the microbial species of beneficial microbiota as a source of new potential therapeutic use of probiotic species (Tuohy et al, 2003).


Bibliography
Dusko Ehrlich S; MetaHIT consortium. Metagenomics of the intestinal microbiota: Potential applications. 2010. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 34 (1): S23-8.
Isolauri E, Salminen S, Ouwehand AC Microbial-gut Interactions in health and disease. Probiotics.
2004. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 18 (2) :299-313.
Isolauri E, Kalliomäki M, Laitinen K, Salminen S. Modulation of the maturing gut barrier and microbiota: a novel target in allergic disease. 2008. Curr Pharm Des.14 (14) :1368-75.
Servin AL Antagonistic Activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens 2004. FEMS Microbe. 28: 405-440
Tannok G. "Normal Flora Micro. An Introduction to the Microbes Inhabiting the Human Body "in 1995. Chapman and Hall, London
Tuohy, KM. Probert HM, Smejkal CW, Gibson GR. Using probiotics and prebiotics to Improve gut health. 2003. Drug Discovery Today. 8 (15), 692-700

Winstar How Old Do You Have To Be

microbial population of the human body

microbiota and Man: an intense relationship between microorganisms and humans

The interaction between humans and microorganisms is inevitable and many of them as soon as we leave the protective womb in which there are sterile conditions, establishing their residence in or on the body. Microorganisms are present in all districts of our body, except the central nervous system (CNS), blood and internal organs and tissues, and the increased concentration of metabolic activity and therefore they can be found in the last portion of the intestine. The set of microbial populations in the human body is called microbiota (Tannok, 1995) and is equivalent to that of normal microbial flora. The composition of microbial communities that live in our body is affected by genotype, sex, age, state of immune maturation and environmental factors and is therefore highly variable in human populations. For example, in the skin permanently resident Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus species of the genus that have adapted to particular environmental conditions, slightly acidic pH, presence of antimicrobial secretions and use the sebum that is rich in organic acids, lipids and amino acids. The oral cavity contains a complex microbiota, about 500 species, mostly bacteria, but even protozoa (Entamoeba gingivalis, Trichomonas tenax) and fungi (Candida albicans), which consists of facultative anaerobes and required, each species occupies a particular ecological niche in relation to their environmental requirements. For example, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius species which are facultative anaerobes, growing respectively on the enamel of the teeth and tongue, while species of the genus Bacteroides, as the obligate anaerobes have adapted to grow in gum pockets where there are anaerobic conditions .

Before focusing on microbiota of the intestinal tract, we have to make some considerations: 1) the prokaryotic cells in our body at least a factor of 10 than those of eukaryotic 2) the weight of the entire mass of resident microbes in our body is about a kilo, or more than some important organs like the heart or kidneys, and then we could talk about a real microbial organisms in more than 3) genetic analysis carried out by an international consortium METAHIT (Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract) has shown that the microbiome, or the complex genes belonging to the microbiota, has 150 times more genes of the human species that hosts (and Dusko METAHIT, 2010). These considerations lead us to say that from the biological point of view, we humans should not consider the individual, but rather a highly diverse community and co-developed by members belonging to the domains of eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea.

microbiota of the intestinal tract
The upper intestine is sparsely populated by microbes, but from the ileum microbial concentration grows to 1011-1012 colony forming units per gram (cfu / g) in the colon. Up to 1000 microbial species, but the number is certainly underestimated, are present in the large intestine and it is believed that 30 to 50% of the content of the human colon is made up of bacteria. The concentration (in terms of density microbial population) and composition (in terms of genres and types of species present) is due to several environmental factors in the various districts of the intestinal tract. Since environmental conditions vary along the intestinal tract, also changes the composition of the microbiota. The intense flow of content in the first section does not allow a large accumulation of microorganisms and pancreatic secretions and liver limit the accumulation of them. At the bottom of the flow of the intestinal tract contents (digested food) becomes slower and this favors the large increase in the microbial community in terms of cfu / g. The diet of the individual can influence the composition of the community resident microbes, eg bifidobacteria are more prevalent in vegetarian subjects. Due to the anaerobic conditions of the lower intestinal tract, bacteria are predominant obligate anaerobes than optional. There may be significant differences in the composition depending on whether you look at the luminal side or the mucosal intestine: a mucosal level can be microaerobic conditions (oxygen coming from the tissues) and a greater concentration of antimicrobial substances (lactoferrin, and defensins other antimicrobial peptides). Consequently, there may be variability depending on species or strains of the consignment. The gut microbial species may be transient or permanent. Most species are commensals, some are potentially pathogenic, others play a beneficial role for the health of the host. The strains with beneficial properties recognized, belonging to the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, in this case, the relationship you establish with these intestinal microbiota can be described as mutualistic symbiosis with benefits for both partners of the report. However, the function of most members of the intestinal microbial community is unknown why it is often difficult to assign a role to each species. Some potential pathogens (Candida, Clostridium) at low population density, could play a role beneficial contribution to the maturation of the immune system. The intestinal microbiota is unique to each individual and is the result of the interaction between the human host and an environment populated by microorganisms from birth and throughout life. Microbial communities have co-evolved with their human hosts or animals. Our first encounter with microbes is in the birth canal and the first colonization of the intestinal tract (initially sterile) is due to maternal intestinal and vaginal microbiota. Before birth the fetus, including the intestine is sterile, the birth interrupts this sterility: the microbial colonization begins immediately, natural childbirth exposes the child to the flora microbial mother (intestinal and vaginal) and includes genres such as Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and enteric bacteria that are the initial source of bacteria. The relationships between humans, the ingestion of food and all the contacts define and stabilize the environmental microbial community persisted. Microbial species are periodically introduced transitional dynamics of an association with the result that lasts a lifetime. In the age of the host, the first microbes are facultative anaerobes, however, obligate anaerobes (Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria) appear a few days after birth. The facultative anaerobes such as enterobacteria, they reduce the redox potential of the intestine by promoting colonization by anaerobes (Isolauri et al, 2004).
ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL-METABOLIC microbiota INTESTINAL
The intestinal microbiota in the colon plays a major metabolic activity for example is involved in the fermentation of undigested oligosaccharides of exogenous origin (fibers, cellulose, etc.). Endogenous or (mucopolysaccharides, mucin). Fermentation of various types of oligosaccharides is of benefit to the host because it provides additional sources of energy as short-chain fatty acids. For example, butyric acid is a source of energy for intestinal epithelial cells and is important for the health of the colonic mucosa. Another aspect is the production vitamins (B complex and K) and metabolism of bile acids with consequent reduction in the available pool of bile acids for the synthesis of cholesterol. In addition, the microbiota improve digestion and absorption of some nutrients and increase the surface area.
microbiota and immune system
The microbiota represent a stimulus for the immune system (antigen challenge) and cause the maturation of the gut associated lymphoid tissue. At birth, our immune system is immature and is spread through exposure to microbes: the adjoining gut lymphoid tissue (eg Peyer's patches) and the production of IgA, an increase due to the presence of intestinal microbiota. Therefore, the microbiota are important for the development of constitutive and specific host defenses at mucosal. Preliminary data obtained in studies on human hosts indicates a role for bifidobacteria in the maturation of the immune system and allergic states. Colonization with Bacteroides species of the genus is associated with the maturation of the humoral immune system.
physiological inflammation: This phenomenon is due to massive stimulation of the mucosal immune system by luminal antigens Costituto mainly by bacteria of the intestinal microflora and their components. The presence of bacteria in the intestine promotes the emergence of populations of cells that maintain the epithelium in a state of physiological inflammation, to facilitate the generation of a rapid defense response against invading pathogens.
immuno-modulatory role: In some allergic diseases of childhood have observed lower levels of bifidobacteria and higher levels of species of the genus Clostridium than in healthy subjects. Other studies have reported a predominance of Bifidobacterium adolescens in allergic children and in healthy children is the Bifidobacterium bifidum to prevail. These two species suggest a different profile of cytokines, in vitro studies it was shown that Bifidobacterium adolescens induces the secretion of TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 by macrophages, and Bifidobacterium bifidum stimulates the production of IL-10 by regulatory T lymphocytes (Isolauri et al, 2008).
ANTAGONISM WITH PATHOGENIC
The intestinal microbiota provide protection against pathogenic micro-organisms with a dual strategy: competition for nutrients and sites of pathogen attack and applying a barrier function through the production of bacteriocins (antimicrobial peptides, such acidophylina produced by L.acidophylus) acting antipatogena (Servin et al, 2004).
The importance of the beneficial role of the microbiota has been demonstrated using animals (especially birds, rodents and farm animals) Axenia or germ-free, or to be born and maintained under sterile conditions and thus of no microbiota. Animals Axenia need the addition of vitamin K in their diet have an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, also the adjoining gut lymphoid tissue and consequently the humoral mucosal immunity is poorly developed compared to that of conventional animals. Normally co-exist peacefully with our microbiota, however, any factor that alters our ecosystem gastrointestinal (GI) can potentially lead to disease. For example, the antibiotic treatment, surgery, chemotherapy or concomitant chronic or degenerative diseases that weaken our immune system, can cause the invasion of the resident microbiota of our systemic areas (areas taboo, or sterile saline). Appendix perforation or accidental perforation of the intestine during surgery allows the invasion of bacteria in the peritoneal cavity that surrounds the GI tract. and from there enter the bloodstream.


Conclusions The complexity of the microbiota makes it difficult to assign a role to each microbial species, for example, that allows us to establish a cause-effect relationship between certain diseases and altered composition of the microbiota. Some researchers have used "gnotobioti" or bacterial species known implanted in germ-free animal. Obviously the study of community microbial as a whole - at least 1000 species-can not be studied in this way. There remain several open questions: for example, understanding the molecular mechanisms of the host-organism within the gut (communication between the microbiota and epithelial cells and the regulation of gastrointestinal endocrine cells), the relationships between different microbial species microbiota and the effects of these interactions with the host. Another objective of the research in this field is to identify and characterize the microbial species of beneficial microbiota as a source of new potential therapeutic use of probiotic species (Tuohy et al, 2003).


Bibliography
Dusko Ehrlich S; MetaHIT consortium. Metagenomics of the intestinal microbiota: Potential applications. 2010. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 34 (1): S23-8.
Isolauri E, Salminen S, Ouwehand AC Microbial-gut Interactions in health and disease. Probiotics.
2004. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 18 (2) :299-313.
Isolauri E, Kalliomäki M, Laitinen K, Salminen S. Modulation of the maturing gut barrier and microbiota: a novel target in allergic disease. 2008. Curr Pharm Des.14 (14) :1368-75.
Servin AL Antagonistic Activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens 2004. FEMS Microbe. 28: 405-440
Tannok G. "Normal Flora Micro. An Introduction to the Microbes Inhabiting the Human Body "in 1995. Chapman and Hall, London
Tuohy, KM. Probert HM, Smejkal CW, Gibson GR. Using probiotics and prebiotics to Improve gut health. 2003. Drug Discovery Today. 8 (15), 692-700

Cardiac Catheterization Lump In Groin

Land and landscape: commons .
Thoughts and ideas to work for the government of the territory

Because we wanted to organize this moment of reflection on land and landscape, such as joint property? Following approval of the Plan of Territorial Address by the Tuscany Region, the implementation regulations on the rural area and the subsequent adoption of the ITP with landscape value, we felt it necessary to arrange a time for reflection to help lay the foundations for political culture on which to initiate proceedings for variation of maintenance of the Territorial Coordination Plan with regard to the rural area. This reflection becomes then necessary to implement the new legislation on regional farm and even urgent, about the need to identify a specific provision on the location of installations for the production of energy from renewable sources to be included in the provincial Energy Plan, which is useful to preserve farmland and landscape. In a necessary overview, in fact, that is clear from reading Article. 9 of the Italian Constitution, also mentioned in the program of study day.

Recent news reports (and, unfortunately, not only those) relating to disasters caused by rainfall in Liguria and in other parts of the country, the heavy consequences on the environmental and hydrogeological evidence of inefficient use choices Soil and tell of a land raped, with clearly the absolute relevance of the theme of the territorial government.
We come to think of "home". Data on land use in the Province of Pisa between 1995 and 2005, although striking dimensions not testify to a progressive mismatch between the consumption of land for builders and the growth of population and industrial employment: while growth in terms of percentage of the population of 3.18% and an unchanged since the industrial employment in the decade studied was an increase of urbanized land for production of 78.38% and 9.50% for residential (difference total period of urbanized land +20.46%). The obvious consequence is the erosion of rural areas directly and indirectly, with impacts on consumption of energy and land resources, impact on greenhouse gas emissions and therefore climate change; unnecessary consumption of land, if the result is the presence of empty warehouses and unsold apartments. If the annuity is that it is, rather than responding to needs, we have perhaps forgotten that the origin of the financial crisis and economic crisis lies in the consequences of speculation and rent?
E 'from these considerations and in light of these assessments that requires a real change in political culture. Economic development can not be separated from the territory and its centrality, through recognition on the important social and collective.
The territory is not only the land and the society that live there, but the real assets (physical, social, cultural) that have a community, the collective value that, if exploited and defended rather than consumed and destroyed, is the key resource for development and quality of life of communities.
The landscape, then, must increasingly assume the role of territorial reference for the proper use of resources. The water, soil, the city, infrastructure, landscapes, countryside, forests, public spaces are goods to be treated with a view not only qualitative and quantitative. Are the particular characteristics by which we can overcome and solve the most important ecological crises (health, climate, food, energy, biodiversity ...). But to do this, then, land and landscape must once again become central in public policy, and be seen and recognized as common goods, ie goods that can not be sold or usucapiti. In regard to the tasks of planning, the territory must be considered a public good, as it constitutes the essential environment for breeding material of human life and the realization of socio-cultural relations and public life. Treat it as public goods is no longer sufficient. To make cash now, we also sell the state property, risk particularly accentuated by a "certain" federal state property!

Back consequently the function of the central government of the territory and therefore the planning activities, as the only instrument that can mitigate - if not resolve - the conflict between rent and collective interest. Since

the rural area that subject to erosion, it is precisely from the specificity of the same rural area (as a forestry area) that you need to start any discussion on planning. Rural areas are the place of conservation and reproduction of natural resources and at the same time, the place of food production. The fertile lands are a limited resource and non-renewable subject to considerable risks. In Italy in the last 40 years we have lost 5 million hectares of agricultural land in the Province of Pisa, about 2000 hectares in 10 years. The risks, therefore, for a food crisis are already visible: the needs of the Italian food consumption needs of 48 million hectares of usable agricultural area, Italy has only 16 million hectares of UAA. Along with this data, plus the impacts of industrial model of agricultural production, a highly energy-intensive model, which consumes about 60% drinking water on the planet, market-oriented, "made to sell" large quantities in any season, encouraged by the rules of globalization in agricultural, determines apparent contradictions and the social and environmental consequences in terms of pollution due to the need of moving goods, consumption of resources, loss of biodiversity.
Big cities like New York (and elsewhere) are devoting increasing attention to these issues. In New York in particular, starting from the analysis of health data, it is proceeding with public funding at the reopening of the district with shops selling food fresh. As the Provincial Administration of Pisa, born from collective action in recent years in spontaneously or at the instigation of local government (local markets, shops producer, GAS, information and awareness projects in schools) we have started the path to the definition, structuring and subsequent adoption of the Plan of Food of the province, with which we intend to relate and build that network of mutual "interest" between the needs of local communities and the productive capacity of the local system, highlighting the bonds (now invisible) which are, in order to enhance the effectiveness of initiatives and respond to two requirements: protection of health and quality of life of citizens on the one hand, the structuring of a satisfactory model for local economic organizations of our other territories. It 's a matter of health and quality of life of citizens, not just a problem on the environment.
addition to the risks to the food emergency there are those, we mentioned at the beginning, encouraging the spread of related facilities for the production of energy from renewable sources, against which there is absolute need for specific guidelines on locations that preserves farmland and landscape (as he says, in fact, art. 9 of the Italian Constitution).

is opening a new era in the government land in Tuscany is based on the following guidelines set out by President Rossi: containment of land use; new relationship between levels of government, the centrality of territory in the new Regional Development Plan. The Plan of Territorial address, its significance in the Regional Landscape Plan, at various points highlights the urgent need to protect the agricultural landscape, avoiding the creation of works and infrastructures, which are in conflict with the connotations of that identity. The road is shown and we intend to follow it! Hoping for a legislative review process of the Regional Law 1, recovering some aspects more explicit in the Act 5. So, revitalization of urban and territorial planning, based on the principles (and rules) of territorial and social cohesion that is focused on its use and control of land use.

Who are the enemies of a balanced government of the territory?

· Meanwhile, all those who deny the role and needs of those provinces, which are the appropriate authority for planning large area (the level identified by the European Union policy of integrated territorial development);
· The deregulation of urban planning. The market can not ensure the provision of public goods, especially in the presence of assumptions irreversibility of choices (the urbanized land is permanently removed from the natural) and production of externalities that are not in any way taken into account if not production costs or additional revenue, in addition, housing markets are in the hands of too few subjects;
· The crisis of public finances, which could increase the use of infrastructure costs or sale of assets as the sole source of funding for local authorities to provide services to the community or to make investments in infrastructure.

What, however, possible remedies?

On the cultural level, it must recover the sense of the centrality land and understand that there is a "limit" ecological and social consumption of natural resources. What is needed is a different relationship between man and environment. On the regulatory
, need to clearly define the levels of planning, the exclusive jurisdiction and the cogency of programming tools. Particular attention should be paid to the risks of too great a craving for "simplification" of the procedures. Not always the simplification process is itself an asset, for example, reducing dramatically the number of actors involved in public decision-making process may run the risk of increased fragmentation and excessive competition among municipalities.
At the operational level , should be encouraged between local voluntary associations, to be carried on with courage and consistency of planning decisions. The plan should not result in a "summation of the desiderata of the Administration must provide choices and participation and contribution of local communities and social networks. Compared to this, in the Province of Pisa have been initiated the experience of the Structure Plan and the Agreement of the Planning Pisana Union of municipalities of the Era. The ability to ensure success in these innovative experiences will depend very much on the practical implementation of standard policies of equalization. These policies should not be based on the redistribution of land use decisions, but the acquisition of some of the revenue from land development also shared between the municipalities that have not seen the growth of the urbanization on their territory (for example, through the associated management functions or forms consortium management of areas for settlements). The land use decisions, the management of functions and tools must be defined in terms of area, overcoming the limits of a vision "of a bell tower." Also at the operational level, we need a schedule that PTC territory and natural resources and providing a vision for Territorial unit and strategic and is not a book of suggestions " without cogency, as, unfortunately, has designed the LR1.

The working day of last October 7 wanted to be a contribution to the general cultural-political debate, but also the occasion for a reflection for our common work. An opportunity to listen to learn. Why to govern, we must first know and understand, we must first consider, even listening to ideas and contributions of high cultural and scientific value.


Councillor James Sanavio planning and urbanisticaProvincia Pisa

Cardiac Catheterization Lump In Groin

Land and landscape: commons .
Thoughts and ideas to work for the government of the territory

Because we wanted to organize this moment of reflection on land and landscape, such as joint property? Following approval of the Plan of Territorial Address by the Tuscany Region, the implementation regulations on the rural area and the subsequent adoption of the ITP with landscape value, we felt it necessary to arrange a time for reflection to help lay the foundations for political culture on which to initiate proceedings for variation of maintenance of the Territorial Coordination Plan with regard to the rural area. This reflection becomes then necessary to implement the new legislation on regional farm and even urgent, about the need to identify a specific provision on the location of installations for the production of energy from renewable sources to be included in the provincial Energy Plan, which is useful to preserve farmland and landscape. In a necessary overview, in fact, that is clear from reading Article. 9 of the Italian Constitution, also mentioned in the program of study day.

Recent news reports (and, unfortunately, not only those) relating to disasters caused by rainfall in Liguria and in other parts of the country, the heavy consequences on the environmental and hydrogeological evidence of inefficient use choices Soil and tell of a land raped, with clearly the absolute relevance of the theme of the territorial government.
We come to think of "home". Data on land use in the Province of Pisa between 1995 and 2005, although striking dimensions not testify to a progressive mismatch between the consumption of land for builders and the growth of population and industrial employment: while growth in terms of percentage of the population of 3.18% and an unchanged since the industrial employment in the decade studied was an increase of urbanized land for production of 78.38% and 9.50% for residential (difference total period of urbanized land +20.46%). The obvious consequence is the erosion of rural areas directly and indirectly, with impacts on consumption of energy and land resources, impact on greenhouse gas emissions and therefore climate change; unnecessary consumption of land, if the result is the presence of empty warehouses and unsold apartments. If the annuity is that it is, rather than responding to needs, we have perhaps forgotten that the origin of the financial crisis and economic crisis lies in the consequences of speculation and rent?
E 'from these considerations and in light of these assessments that requires a real change in political culture. Economic development can not be separated from the territory and its centrality, through recognition on the important social and collective.
The territory is not only the land and the society that live there, but the real assets (physical, social, cultural) that have a community, the collective value that, if exploited and defended rather than consumed and destroyed, is the key resource for development and quality of life of communities.
The landscape, then, must increasingly assume the role of territorial reference for the proper use of resources. The water, soil, the city, infrastructure, landscapes, countryside, forests, public spaces are goods to be treated with a view not only qualitative and quantitative. Are the particular characteristics by which we can overcome and solve the most important ecological crises (health, climate, food, energy, biodiversity ...). But to do this, then, land and landscape must once again become central in public policy, and be seen and recognized as common goods, ie goods that can not be sold or usucapiti. In regard to the tasks of planning, the territory must be considered a public good, as it constitutes the essential environment for breeding material of human life and the realization of socio-cultural relations and public life. Treat it as public goods is no longer sufficient. To make cash now, we also sell the state property, risk particularly accentuated by a "certain" federal state property!

Back consequently the function of the central government of the territory and therefore the planning activities, as the only instrument that can mitigate - if not resolve - the conflict between rent and collective interest. Since

the rural area that subject to erosion, it is precisely from the specificity of the same rural area (as a forestry area) that you need to start any discussion on planning. Rural areas are the place of conservation and reproduction of natural resources and at the same time, the place of food production. The fertile lands are a limited resource and non-renewable subject to considerable risks. In Italy in the last 40 years we have lost 5 million hectares of agricultural land in the Province of Pisa, about 2000 hectares in 10 years. The risks, therefore, for a food crisis are already visible: the needs of the Italian food consumption needs of 48 million hectares of usable agricultural area, Italy has only 16 million hectares of UAA. Along with this data, plus the impacts of industrial model of agricultural production, a highly energy-intensive model, which consumes about 60% drinking water on the planet, market-oriented, "made to sell" large quantities in any season, encouraged by the rules of globalization in agricultural, determines apparent contradictions and the social and environmental consequences in terms of pollution due to the need of moving goods, consumption of resources, loss of biodiversity.
Big cities like New York (and elsewhere) are devoting increasing attention to these issues. In New York in particular, starting from the analysis of health data, it is proceeding with public funding at the reopening of the district with shops selling food fresh. As the Provincial Administration of Pisa, born from collective action in recent years in spontaneously or at the instigation of local government (local markets, shops producer, GAS, information and awareness projects in schools) we have started the path to the definition, structuring and subsequent adoption of the Plan of Food of the province, with which we intend to relate and build that network of mutual "interest" between the needs of local communities and the productive capacity of the local system, highlighting the bonds (now invisible) which are, in order to enhance the effectiveness of initiatives and respond to two requirements: protection of health and quality of life of citizens on the one hand, the structuring of a satisfactory model for local economic organizations of our other territories. It 's a matter of health and quality of life of citizens, not just a problem on the environment.
addition to the risks to the food emergency there are those, we mentioned at the beginning, encouraging the spread of related facilities for the production of energy from renewable sources, against which there is absolute need for specific guidelines on locations that preserves farmland and landscape (as he says, in fact, art. 9 of the Italian Constitution).

is opening a new era in the government land in Tuscany is based on the following guidelines set out by President Rossi: containment of land use; new relationship between levels of government, the centrality of territory in the new Regional Development Plan. The Plan of Territorial address, its significance in the Regional Landscape Plan, at various points highlights the urgent need to protect the agricultural landscape, avoiding the creation of works and infrastructures, which are in conflict with the connotations of that identity. The road is shown and we intend to follow it! Hoping for a legislative review process of the Regional Law 1, recovering some aspects more explicit in the Act 5. So, revitalization of urban and territorial planning, based on the principles (and rules) of territorial and social cohesion that is focused on its use and control of land use.

Who are the enemies of a balanced government of the territory?

· Meanwhile, all those who deny the role and needs of those provinces, which are the appropriate authority for planning large area (the level identified by the European Union policy of integrated territorial development);
· The deregulation of urban planning. The market can not ensure the provision of public goods, especially in the presence of assumptions irreversibility of choices (the urbanized land is permanently removed from the natural) and production of externalities that are not in any way taken into account if not production costs or additional revenue, in addition, housing markets are in the hands of too few subjects;
· The crisis of public finances, which could increase the use of infrastructure costs or sale of assets as the sole source of funding for local authorities to provide services to the community or to make investments in infrastructure.

What, however, possible remedies?

On the cultural level, it must recover the sense of the centrality land and understand that there is a "limit" ecological and social consumption of natural resources. What is needed is a different relationship between man and environment. On the regulatory
, need to clearly define the levels of planning, the exclusive jurisdiction and the cogency of programming tools. Particular attention should be paid to the risks of too great a craving for "simplification" of the procedures. Not always the simplification process is itself an asset, for example, reducing dramatically the number of actors involved in public decision-making process may run the risk of increased fragmentation and excessive competition among municipalities.
At the operational level , should be encouraged between local voluntary associations, to be carried on with courage and consistency of planning decisions. The plan should not result in a "summation of the desiderata of the Administration must provide choices and participation and contribution of local communities and social networks. Compared to this, in the Province of Pisa have been initiated the experience of the Structure Plan and the Agreement of the Planning Pisana Union of municipalities of the Era. The ability to ensure success in these innovative experiences will depend very much on the practical implementation of standard policies of equalization. These policies should not be based on the redistribution of land use decisions, but the acquisition of some of the revenue from land development also shared between the municipalities that have not seen the growth of the urbanization on their territory (for example, through the associated management functions or forms consortium management of areas for settlements). The land use decisions, the management of functions and tools must be defined in terms of area, overcoming the limits of a vision "of a bell tower." Also at the operational level, we need a schedule that PTC territory and natural resources and providing a vision for Territorial unit and strategic and is not a book of suggestions " without cogency, as, unfortunately, has designed the LR1.

The working day of last October 7 wanted to be a contribution to the general cultural-political debate, but also the occasion for a reflection for our common work. An opportunity to listen to learn. Why to govern, we must first know and understand, we must first consider, even listening to ideas and contributions of high cultural and scientific value.


Councillor James Sanavio planning and urbanisticaProvincia Pisa

Important Soccer Events December 2010

Open letter to members of Congress on Pd

has opened the final phase of the congress of the Democratic Party. One in which all the leading bodies will be renewed local secretaries of provincial, municipal and circle, the respective assemblies. We do this in a very delicate political phase in which the right is throwing the country into a china dangerous for our democracy and fostering social conflict do not govern the economic crisis and its consequences, a phase in which the role of alternative force Leadership & Training to the model-populist-conservative that the PD must be able to say may not be adequately perceived by citizens. Although this is particularly important for the construction of the leading groups of the territorial divisions of the party. I am therefore calling upon all members of the Democratic Party in the coming weeks will be required to make this fundamental choice: do emergence of a managerial framework in the territories to close the constituent phase of PD and opens a new season of political action, of social role, a strong public initiative, which addresses the key issues of a programmatic alternative proposal, who knows, and has the desire, to speak out, to build cultural change that can convince. Let's do it by giving new meaning to the idea that we have the policy and political commitment.
For me, this commitment must find food in the continuous sharing of ideals and objectives for the common good and collective interest. Political activism can not be reduced, in fact, a practice that has a view, even partial, interest personal or group. I believe that the leaders of Party organizations should be chosen with criteria that relate to the work, commitment to training programs and growth, political intelligence, the ability to be recognized as landmarks in a position to "unite". Based on these assumptions it is possible to give substance to the political and cultural path associated with the birth of the Democratic Party without reservation or for stories or for political culture. If
clubs, and not just choose their leadership on these assumptions, we do a PD useful to society. Otherwise build the conditions for his failure. I hope that all those who we feel committed to achieving the first goal.
In Pisa, in the province, it seems to me that you are trying this effort. Also trying to set the work on the basis of schemes that will address the more "soft" and overly Leadership of the constituent phase of the PD and aim the goal of building a strong party and rooted.
If we succeed, as I believe, lead to a successful conclusion to this process, we will reach the highest goal: make available to citizens of the country and a political force to help build a better future .

James Sanavio
Provincial Councillor PD

Important Soccer Events December 2010

Open letter to members of Congress on Pd

has opened the final phase of the congress of the Democratic Party. One in which all the leading bodies will be renewed local secretaries of provincial, municipal and circle, the respective assemblies. We do this in a very delicate political phase in which the right is throwing the country into a china dangerous for our democracy and fostering social conflict do not govern the economic crisis and its consequences, a phase in which the role of alternative force Leadership & Training to the model-populist-conservative that the PD must be able to say may not be adequately perceived by citizens. Although this is particularly important for the construction of the leading groups of the territorial divisions of the party. I am therefore calling upon all members of the Democratic Party in the coming weeks will be required to make this fundamental choice: do emergence of a managerial framework in the territories to close the constituent phase of PD and opens a new season of political action, of social role, a strong public initiative, which addresses the key issues of a programmatic alternative proposal, who knows, and has the desire, to speak out, to build cultural change that can convince. Let's do it by giving new meaning to the idea that we have the policy and political commitment.
For me, this commitment must find food in the continuous sharing of ideals and objectives for the common good and collective interest. Political activism can not be reduced, in fact, a practice that has a view, even partial, interest personal or group. I believe that the leaders of Party organizations should be chosen with criteria that relate to the work, commitment to training programs and growth, political intelligence, the ability to be recognized as landmarks in a position to "unite". Based on these assumptions it is possible to give substance to the political and cultural path associated with the birth of the Democratic Party without reservation or for stories or for political culture. If
clubs, and not just choose their leadership on these assumptions, we do a PD useful to society. Otherwise build the conditions for his failure. I hope that all those who we feel committed to achieving the first goal.
In Pisa, in the province, it seems to me that you are trying this effort. Also trying to set the work on the basis of schemes that will address the more "soft" and overly Leadership of the constituent phase of the PD and aim the goal of building a strong party and rooted.
If we succeed, as I believe, lead to a successful conclusion to this process, we will reach the highest goal: make available to citizens of the country and a political force to help build a better future .

James Sanavio
Provincial Councillor PD

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Antibiotic resistance

http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2010/09/08/news/batteri_ancora_pi_forti-6851348/?ref=HREC2-9

Which One Is Healthier Blue Buffalo Or Innova

Antibiotic resistance

http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2010/09/08/news/batteri_ancora_pi_forti-6851348/?ref=HREC2-9

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first amendment to the Regulations on Regional Hunting

With No Decision of the Regional 770 last August 4, 2010, were launched in major changes to the Consolidated Regulations of regional hunting (DPGR 13 / R 2004), regarding access to the ATC and management of ungulates. These changes will become effective on the fifteenth day following its publication on its BURT Decree by President of the Regional Council.
Presented by the provincial Wildlife Defense, James Sanavio, the most significant points of the new regional action, stressing that the Province of Pisa in Tuscany was the first since 2008 to have special plans for the management of problems caused by ungulates, now incorporated in the law.

Access to the ATC and mobility .

1) The hunter will have the opportunity to enroll in other ATC, in addition to hunting residence, regardless of number. Submissions will be accepted after an evaluation of the availability of acceptance of each ATC, according to special lists. For the 2010-2011 season the ranking will be based on the date of submission of applications. Even for ATC saturated, will still be allowed the opportunity to "accommodate" hunters for the hunting of wild boar in the selection and bar.
2) hunting by stalking the migratory and wild boar in all ATC speech in Tuscany, from 1 October until 31 January, may be exercised for twenty days in total without tele, but only scored in the space of the card the day hunting, hunters who are enrolled in no more than two ATC.
3) remains the obligation of the pre-opening only nell'ATC hunting residence.
4) At the stalking and migratory game hunter who is not writing to ATC must buy a package of 5 days at a cost of € 26.00. This package can only be used via the tele-booking and from 1 October. The proceeds are managed by ATC. The days used to be marked on the pass region.
5) hunters with option B, fixed by stalking, may engage in hunting other than to ATC residence from the first day of hunting. They can also be used for 10 days per year hunting, hunting by stalking temporary marking the card in the spaces, starting from October 1, without using the tele.
6) Hunters must apply for other regions of the code through tele-booking special regional web site. They must then update the site on their personal information. The code will remain valid for subsequent years.

Management ungulates.

1) The management of wildlife hunting ungulates pursues the objectives set out in the province and is aimed PFV maintaining density, interspecific, sustainable, pursuant to art. 28a LR 3 / 94. This density "sustainable" is set to "local" and is defined as the maximum achievable "taking into account the actual damage to agricultural crops and forests."
2) The provinces adopt non-conservative forms of management and prevention of damages in respect of the ungulates in areas not suited. Provinces take sampling programs to be implemented throughout the year, such as to ensure the achievement of targets set in the Annual Management Plan of ungulates in art. 28a LR 3 / 94, after hearing the ass. agricultural and hunting. In the case of Deer and Cattle, priority should be given to the reduction option under Art. 28 LR 3 / 94, read. D.
3) The management of ungulates in AFV and AAV is aimed at maintaining the density and the implementation of sustainable management plan referred to in art. 28a LR 3 / 94. The AFV withdrawals are feasible drawing up plans approved before July 15. AAV in the province may approve management plans to be implemented in similar period of the opening of hunting on the species.
4) The province shows the methods, controls and coordinates the national census of private schools and neighboring ATC. The Deer and cattle slaughtered in AFV and AAV must be provided with a pass after killing. The Deer and Cattle may be killed by non-enabled, if accompanied by enabled. For the wild boar, hunting may be authorized on an individual who is beaten, and to be performed without the authorization of Article. Article 87, paragraph 1 letter. b) the 13/R/2004 DPGR.
5) On the whole, not sustainable if the density is maintained through the adoption of the ordinary hunting management, and in the presence of "leading to increased damage," the provinces adopt special plans, according to art. 28a LR 3 / 94, and specific means of control under Art. 37 of that Act. The plans are approved within 30 days after the state of damage. The district may authorize the owners / drivers of the funds held a hunting license to directly enforce the reductions. Wildlife and public institutions in the private production centers in the game, more reductions can be implemented by the provincial police or under its coordination, owners / drivers of funds by the person referred to in Article. 51 and art. 37 LR 3 / 94. Interventions in ZRC are required to eradicate the wild boar.
6) At private institutions, interventions are implemented by using the holder under article. 37. In the event of inaction interventions are carried out by the province that charges the cost to the holder.
7) In protected areas in the LR 49/95 operates the province where they are not effective normal management practices.
8) For Deer and Cattle on interventions implemented with special plans are the preferred option D).
9) The State sends warning to the province in case of non-compliance with obligations related to the implementation of special plans and, where appropriate, exercising power replacement.
10) The ATC in the allocation of hunters in the hunting districts in the selection favors Option D). The district can not be declared until the full number of registered hunters is less than half of the leaders to be killed. The ATC can assign up to 30% of animals in slaughter hunters are not registered and qualified, provided that they accompanied. The province can regulate the hunting of selection with the use of the bow.
11) Within 30 days after the publication of the above changes, the provinces shall adapting existing management plans ungulates with information about sustainable density and provide, where appropriate the adoption of special plans. The documents must reach the competent structure of the Regional Council.

Speed Of Tac-5 Recon Paintball Gun

first amendment to the Regulations on Regional Hunting

With No Decision of the Regional 770 last August 4, 2010, were launched in major changes to the Consolidated Regulations of regional hunting (DPGR 13 / R 2004), regarding access to the ATC and management of ungulates. These changes will become effective on the fifteenth day following its publication on its BURT Decree by President of the Regional Council.
Presented by the provincial Wildlife Defense, James Sanavio, the most significant points of the new regional action, stressing that the Province of Pisa in Tuscany was the first since 2008 to have special plans for the management of problems caused by ungulates, now incorporated in the law.

Access to the ATC and mobility .

1) The hunter will have the opportunity to enroll in other ATC, in addition to hunting residence, regardless of number. Submissions will be accepted after an evaluation of the availability of acceptance of each ATC, according to special lists. For the 2010-2011 season the ranking will be based on the date of submission of applications. Even for ATC saturated, will still be allowed the opportunity to "accommodate" hunters for the hunting of wild boar in the selection and bar.
2) hunting by stalking the migratory and wild boar in all ATC speech in Tuscany, from 1 October until 31 January, may be exercised for twenty days in total without tele, but only scored in the space of the card the day hunting, hunters who are enrolled in no more than two ATC.
3) remains the obligation of the pre-opening only nell'ATC hunting residence.
4) At the stalking and migratory game hunter who is not writing to ATC must buy a package of 5 days at a cost of € 26.00. This package can only be used via the tele-booking and from 1 October. The proceeds are managed by ATC. The days used to be marked on the pass region.
5) hunters with option B, fixed by stalking, may engage in hunting other than to ATC residence from the first day of hunting. They can also be used for 10 days per year hunting, hunting by stalking temporary marking the card in the spaces, starting from October 1, without using the tele.
6) Hunters must apply for other regions of the code through tele-booking special regional web site. They must then update the site on their personal information. The code will remain valid for subsequent years.

Management ungulates.

1) The management of wildlife hunting ungulates pursues the objectives set out in the province and is aimed PFV maintaining density, interspecific, sustainable, pursuant to art. 28a LR 3 / 94. This density "sustainable" is set to "local" and is defined as the maximum achievable "taking into account the actual damage to agricultural crops and forests."
2) The provinces adopt non-conservative forms of management and prevention of damages in respect of the ungulates in areas not suited. Provinces take sampling programs to be implemented throughout the year, such as to ensure the achievement of targets set in the Annual Management Plan of ungulates in art. 28a LR 3 / 94, after hearing the ass. agricultural and hunting. In the case of Deer and Cattle, priority should be given to the reduction option under Art. 28 LR 3 / 94, read. D.
3) The management of ungulates in AFV and AAV is aimed at maintaining the density and the implementation of sustainable management plan referred to in art. 28a LR 3 / 94. The AFV withdrawals are feasible drawing up plans approved before July 15. AAV in the province may approve management plans to be implemented in similar period of the opening of hunting on the species.
4) The province shows the methods, controls and coordinates the national census of private schools and neighboring ATC. The Deer and cattle slaughtered in AFV and AAV must be provided with a pass after killing. The Deer and Cattle may be killed by non-enabled, if accompanied by enabled. For the wild boar, hunting may be authorized on an individual who is beaten, and to be performed without the authorization of Article. Article 87, paragraph 1 letter. b) the 13/R/2004 DPGR.
5) On the whole, not sustainable if the density is maintained through the adoption of the ordinary hunting management, and in the presence of "leading to increased damage," the provinces adopt special plans, according to art. 28a LR 3 / 94, and specific means of control under Art. 37 of that Act. The plans are approved within 30 days after the state of damage. The district may authorize the owners / drivers of the funds held a hunting license to directly enforce the reductions. Wildlife and public institutions in the private production centers in the game, more reductions can be implemented by the provincial police or under its coordination, owners / drivers of funds by the person referred to in Article. 51 and art. 37 LR 3 / 94. Interventions in ZRC are required to eradicate the wild boar.
6) At private institutions, interventions are implemented by using the holder under article. 37. In the event of inaction interventions are carried out by the province that charges the cost to the holder.
7) In protected areas in the LR 49/95 operates the province where they are not effective normal management practices.
8) For Deer and Cattle on interventions implemented with special plans are the preferred option D).
9) The State sends warning to the province in case of non-compliance with obligations related to the implementation of special plans and, where appropriate, exercising power replacement.
10) The ATC in the allocation of hunters in the hunting districts in the selection favors Option D). The district can not be declared until the full number of registered hunters is less than half of the leaders to be killed. The ATC can assign up to 30% of animals in slaughter hunters are not registered and qualified, provided that they accompanied. The province can regulate the hunting of selection with the use of the bow.
11) Within 30 days after the publication of the above changes, the provinces shall adapting existing management plans ungulates with information about sustainable density and provide, where appropriate the adoption of special plans. The documents must reach the competent structure of the Regional Council.

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crisis in the cultivation of industrial tomato

an urgent meeting and a package of extraordinary measures of support for the sector. These, on the serious crisis that is affecting companies engaged in the production of processing tomatoes, the demands contained in a letter to the Regional Agriculture Gianni Salvatori by the assessors of all the provinces of Tuscany, whose territories are affected by this difficult situation: Sanavio Giacomo (Pisa), Enzo Rossi (Grosseto), Paolo Pacini (Livorno), Anna Maria Betti (Siena), Andrea Cutini (Arezzo).
"The Tuscan production - writing - exceeds 200 thousand tonnes, 150 thousand transformed from Italy to Conserve Albinia (Grosseto) and Italian Food Venturina (Livorno), the other 50 thousand sent to industries outside the region.
early rains in April and May resulted in delays and a significant reduction of production capacity so much so that the result was 30% lower than average. In addition, our manufacturers are suffering in these days of full execution of the collection, an additional penalty due to failure to meet contractual agreements with the processing industry.
The value of the tomato, with different trade arrangements for the Centre-North and South Italy, was in fact established in early 2010 at an average price of € 70 per tonne: price is subject, however, based on the quality of the raw material (grade sugar content and quality defects), a possible decurtazionefino 35% of the agreed amount, plus shipping cost will be charged. "
Based on these assumptions, about 50 thousand tons have been contracted by the producers' associations with the Tuscany industries trasforormazione Southern Italy. Now the latter, since the beginning of the harvest in early August, showed "a low propensity to withdraw the product contracted for - write the county commissioners - and later also a tendency to apply the qualitative assessment of the most detrimental, leading to de facto price less than half of that set. "
This, "coupled with a very low yield (less than 50 tonnnelate per hectare) is causing a net loss to farmers of Tuscany over 2,000 € per hectare, the cost of production per hectare is in fact 5 thousand euro, compared to a sale of 1,900 euro, which it must be added 1,100 of the Community contribution coupled. "
For many of our businesses, "this loss of income is critical and requires immediate scope of support measures, because the processing of tomatoes to the reduced prices by companies working in the South is causing the block sales of finished product to the mass distribution by the processing industries in Tuscany, putting them in trouble with the negative effects which will continue also in 2011. E 'to address this serious situation so we are asking for an urgent meeting with the Region of all stakeholders. "

Reviews On Mahabhringraj Hair Oil

crisis in the cultivation of industrial tomato

an urgent meeting and a package of extraordinary measures of support for the sector. These, on the serious crisis that is affecting companies engaged in the production of processing tomatoes, the demands contained in a letter to the Regional Agriculture Gianni Salvatori by the assessors of all the provinces of Tuscany, whose territories are affected by this difficult situation: Sanavio Giacomo (Pisa), Enzo Rossi (Grosseto), Paolo Pacini (Livorno), Anna Maria Betti (Siena), Andrea Cutini (Arezzo).
"The Tuscan production - writing - exceeds 200 thousand tonnes, 150 thousand transformed from Italy to Conserve Albinia (Grosseto) and Italian Food Venturina (Livorno), the other 50 thousand sent to industries outside the region.
early rains in April and May resulted in delays and a significant reduction of production capacity so much so that the result was 30% lower than average. In addition, our manufacturers are suffering in these days of full execution of the collection, an additional penalty due to failure to meet contractual agreements with the processing industry.
The value of the tomato, with different trade arrangements for the Centre-North and South Italy, was in fact established in early 2010 at an average price of € 70 per tonne: price is subject, however, based on the quality of the raw material (grade sugar content and quality defects), a possible decurtazionefino 35% of the agreed amount, plus shipping cost will be charged. "
Based on these assumptions, about 50 thousand tons have been contracted by the producers' associations with the Tuscany industries trasforormazione Southern Italy. Now the latter, since the beginning of the harvest in early August, showed "a low propensity to withdraw the product contracted for - write the county commissioners - and later also a tendency to apply the qualitative assessment of the most detrimental, leading to de facto price less than half of that set. "
This, "coupled with a very low yield (less than 50 tonnnelate per hectare) is causing a net loss to farmers of Tuscany over 2,000 € per hectare, the cost of production per hectare is in fact 5 thousand euro, compared to a sale of 1,900 euro, which it must be added 1,100 of the Community contribution coupled. "
For many of our businesses, "this loss of income is critical and requires immediate scope of support measures, because the processing of tomatoes to the reduced prices by companies working in the South is causing the block sales of finished product to the mass distribution by the processing industries in Tuscany, putting them in trouble with the negative effects which will continue also in 2011. E 'to address this serious situation so we are asking for an urgent meeting with the Region of all stakeholders. "

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E 'need to rethink our model of

"An alliance between city and country: the challenge is necessary and desirable, especially for the protection of environmental resources and landscape. E 'urgent importance to develop a suitable cultural advancement of agriculture and the services and functions of public interest that it is able to play. At the same time, our agriculture must accept, at a time of deep crisis, to compete with the need to redefine its mission: to produce food, cure the common good: "These are the words which begins with the Councillor for Rural Development of the Province of Pisa, James Sanavio.

Councillor Sanavio, she proposes new generation of agriculture. Strategic quality of life of the city and with new roles, what are they?

Agriculture looks to the future, offering high quality products, exploiting its huge potential to be the bearer of values \u200b\u200band lifestyles to recover the capacity to manage natural resources and protect the environment so sustainable. It poses as an ally that can contribute significantly to improving the quality of life of city dwellers. Can propose a model of sustainable development.

Specifically what is the offer of the country to the city?

Agriculture has always offered to the city agricultural products over time have been a progressive increase in quality, but today agriculture can do much more. The campaign presents itself as a bulwark in the defense of land and resources associated with it such as air and water, and irreproducible goods to the survival of man. A well threatened by reckless speculation on its impact on the territories of the infrastructure works, the poorly planned construction. Above all, can perform new functions and offer new services to the city.

What are the new functions of agriculture?

functions of agriculture are all contained in the new concept of multifunctional agriculture, which includes many tasks, including that of local market with fresh produce and low environmental impact (low energy consumption for transportation and zero costs for the storage of products).
The barrier function against pollution, agriculture can help to absorb substantial shares of CO2, protecting water resources, acts as the maintenance of soil conservation and so on.
features recreational and cultural opportunities for recreation and meeting place, but also maintenance of the agricultural landscape that is one of the environmental contexts of the most representative of our country as well as expression of the characteristics identity of our culture, agriculture is a source of renewable energy.

E services?

services are directed to two main social actors: the citizens whom it is addressed the provision of tourist-recreational and conservation of the landscape - a place of memory, knowledge and culture - and public administration with which the Farmers may interact for example, by obtaining, as required by Legislative Decree no. 228/2001, collaboration agreements for the promotion of the productive land, protection of quality production and food traditions, the maintenance of the territory.
But you can also think of "promotional contracts" between PA and farmers who engage in the exercise of the business, to ensure the protection of natural resources, the preservation of the geological, the reduction of emissions and pollution of groundwater, emissions increase oxygen, the maintenance of biodiversity, cultural heritage and the agricultural landscape and forestry.
These contracts would allow cities to promote rapid and cost of environmental rehabilitation initiatives consistent with benefits in terms of landscape and ecological as well as provide public services, such as pedestrian paths, urban parks, etc.. rent with costs significantly lower than those resulting from traditional methods of acquisition, development and direct management.
But I want to remember that farmers always have the role to protect resources that are unplayable now involved with agriculture. Today, therefore, in addition to being an industry policy, agriculture becomes the place where you filed the survival of the city even from the standpoint of energy.

How agriculture can contribute to energy production?

On the one hand, thanks to the short chain, will cut costs of production and puts them into significant energy savings on the other hand I think the production of agrienergie. Subject to agricultural production and protection of the agricultural value chain from which we can not neglect, agriculture can make a significant contribution to sustainable energy production by exploiting the forest, using all production waste - manure pruning - and restoring surfaces to a set side.

In discussing how we can create an alliance between city and country?

The alliance between city and country is primarily a cultural process. Must spread the idea that if we are to survive, we must adopt a new development model and to do so in the first instance it is necessary to awaken society urgent need to recruit new prospects. The same idea behind the Food Plan of the Province of Pisa is the challenge to build an alliance of rural life with all the environmental groups and consumer on the need to reduce the amount of soil, but not only represents a document which describes in which lines will have to develop the agriculture of the future.

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E 'need to rethink our model of

"An alliance between city and country: the challenge is necessary and desirable, especially for the protection of environmental resources and landscape. E 'urgent importance to develop a suitable cultural advancement of agriculture and the services and functions of public interest that it is able to play. At the same time, our agriculture must accept, at a time of deep crisis, to compete with the need to redefine its mission: to produce food, cure the common good: "These are the words which begins with the Councillor for Rural Development of the Province of Pisa, James Sanavio.

Councillor Sanavio, she proposes new generation of agriculture. Strategic quality of life of the city and with new roles, what are they?

Agriculture looks to the future, offering high quality products, exploiting its huge potential to be the bearer of values \u200b\u200band lifestyles to recover the capacity to manage natural resources and protect the environment so sustainable. It poses as an ally that can contribute significantly to improving the quality of life of city dwellers. Can propose a model of sustainable development.

Specifically what is the offer of the country to the city?

Agriculture has always offered to the city agricultural products over time have been a progressive increase in quality, but today agriculture can do much more. The campaign presents itself as a bulwark in the defense of land and resources associated with it such as air and water, and irreproducible goods to the survival of man. A well threatened by reckless speculation on its impact on the territories of the infrastructure works, the poorly planned construction. Above all, can perform new functions and offer new services to the city.

What are the new functions of agriculture?

functions of agriculture are all contained in the new concept of multifunctional agriculture, which includes many tasks, including that of local market with fresh produce and low environmental impact (low energy consumption for transportation and zero costs for the storage of products).
The barrier function against pollution, agriculture can help to absorb substantial shares of CO2, protecting water resources, acts as the maintenance of soil conservation and so on.
features recreational and cultural opportunities for recreation and meeting place, but also maintenance of the agricultural landscape that is one of the environmental contexts of the most representative of our country as well as expression of the characteristics identity of our culture, agriculture is a source of renewable energy.

E services?

services are directed to two main social actors: the citizens whom it is addressed the provision of tourist-recreational and conservation of the landscape - a place of memory, knowledge and culture - and public administration with which the Farmers may interact for example, by obtaining, as required by Legislative Decree no. 228/2001, collaboration agreements for the promotion of the productive land, protection of quality production and food traditions, the maintenance of the territory.
But you can also think of "promotional contracts" between PA and farmers who engage in the exercise of the business, to ensure the protection of natural resources, the preservation of the geological, the reduction of emissions and pollution of groundwater, emissions increase oxygen, the maintenance of biodiversity, cultural heritage and the agricultural landscape and forestry.
These contracts would allow cities to promote rapid and cost of environmental rehabilitation initiatives consistent with benefits in terms of landscape and ecological as well as provide public services, such as pedestrian paths, urban parks, etc.. rent with costs significantly lower than those resulting from traditional methods of acquisition, development and direct management.
But I want to remember that farmers always have the role to protect resources that are unplayable now involved with agriculture. Today, therefore, in addition to being an industry policy, agriculture becomes the place where you filed the survival of the city even from the standpoint of energy.

How agriculture can contribute to energy production?

On the one hand, thanks to the short chain, will cut costs of production and puts them into significant energy savings on the other hand I think the production of agrienergie. Subject to agricultural production and protection of the agricultural value chain from which we can not neglect, agriculture can make a significant contribution to sustainable energy production by exploiting the forest, using all production waste - manure pruning - and restoring surfaces to a set side.

In discussing how we can create an alliance between city and country?

The alliance between city and country is primarily a cultural process. Must spread the idea that if we are to survive, we must adopt a new development model and to do so in the first instance it is necessary to awaken society urgent need to recruit new prospects. The same idea behind the Food Plan of the Province of Pisa is the challenge to build an alliance of rural life with all the environmental groups and consumer on the need to reduce the amount of soil, but not only represents a document which describes in which lines will have to develop the agriculture of the future.

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RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL LAND: two key assets.

these days is ample debate on numerous projects for large solar fields to be carried out on land in agricultural areas and fertile soils, often suited to the production of value. The main concerns are the removal of agricultural land, environmental impact, in addition to the consequences soils that may result from an eventual Poor management of facilities and the necessary remediation of land that will achieve when they have reached the technical obsolescence.
It fully shares the view according to which the production of electricity from renewable sources, particularly photovoltaic technology, should be promoted because of all the many benefits it can produce and that we will not be there to remind . Nevertheless, each project must be carefully assessed in relation to the size of the facilities and areas in which they are proposed, in the light of an objective assessment of costs and benefits (including environmental) that the same can produce, taking into account the possibility of achieving them in areas where adverse effects can be minimized. It should also be noted that, even ignoring the enormous availability of roofs of buildings for which the decision to build PV systems it is obviously the owners, the installed capacity in areas already degraded, such as former industrial areas, landfills exhausted, environmental restoration of quarries etc. . etc.., it is still relevant and can most likely meet the needs of our region.
worth also point out that in most cases make the assumptions that we often hear or read the newspapers regarding the possible coexistence on the same site, growing crops with solar parks, are unfounded. One can not assume, in fact, the coexistence of plants and crops, for obvious reasons of space and processing techniques. It 'also known that the average life of these systems have more than twenty years and the facilities needed to produce them make the transformation of the soil substantially irreversible.
The use of agricultural land for the installation of plants for the production of renewable energy is desirable only if limited to the development of multifunctional farms. Appears rather worrisome pursuit of an industrial use of such productions as this direction Members would lead to the reclamation of land to food production, putting additional strain on the provincial agri-food sector.
The landscape, as well as being a collective good, it performs a social function as an element identifier for those who live there, even for Tuscany identity! All territorial marketing policies take based on this resource and there can be a project to develop the territory in the absence of a precise plan for the protection and enhancement of the landscape, more so if we refer to the agricultural landscape, the only element of naturalness . The same Regional Landscape Plan (adopted only for now) at various points highlights the urgent need to protect the rural landscape without infrastructure and the creation of works which are in conflict with the connotations of that identity, and the new government's program of our region, on this particular issue, pushing further ahead with a strong commitment towards the reduction of land consumption and the protection of rural areas . The availability of fertile land, in fact, is a non-renewable and limited resource, constantly subject to erosion (in the last 40 years, Italy has lost more than 5 million hectares of farmland!) With an extension of the building is not always rational, often disconnected from the needs of satisfying housing needs related to population growth or needs dictated by new initiatives productive.
now these reasons that push us to demand greater attention and respect to the fertile lands that still exist in the area and at the same time, a joint planning by taking into account a double requirement: the dissemination of renewable energy sources and soil protection agricultural and landscape. Allowing them to prevent and resolve conflict is a risk of political and cultural may see two opposing legitimate and fundamental needs.

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RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL LAND: two key assets.

these days is ample debate on numerous projects for large solar fields to be carried out on land in agricultural areas and fertile soils, often suited to the production of value. The main concerns are the removal of agricultural land, environmental impact, in addition to the consequences soils that may result from an eventual Poor management of facilities and the necessary remediation of land that will achieve when they have reached the technical obsolescence.
It fully shares the view according to which the production of electricity from renewable sources, particularly photovoltaic technology, should be promoted because of all the many benefits it can produce and that we will not be there to remind . Nevertheless, each project must be carefully assessed in relation to the size of the facilities and areas in which they are proposed, in the light of an objective assessment of costs and benefits (including environmental) that the same can produce, taking into account the possibility of achieving them in areas where adverse effects can be minimized. It should also be noted that, even ignoring the enormous availability of roofs of buildings for which the decision to build PV systems it is obviously the owners, the installed capacity in areas already degraded, such as former industrial areas, landfills exhausted, environmental restoration of quarries etc. . etc.., it is still relevant and can most likely meet the needs of our region.
worth also point out that in most cases make the assumptions that we often hear or read the newspapers regarding the possible coexistence on the same site, growing crops with solar parks, are unfounded. One can not assume, in fact, the coexistence of plants and crops, for obvious reasons of space and processing techniques. It 'also known that the average life of these systems have more than twenty years and the facilities needed to produce them make the transformation of the soil substantially irreversible.
The use of agricultural land for the installation of plants for the production of renewable energy is desirable only if limited to the development of multifunctional farms. Appears rather worrisome pursuit of an industrial use of such productions as this direction Members would lead to the reclamation of land to food production, putting additional strain on the provincial agri-food sector.
The landscape, as well as being a collective good, it performs a social function as an element identifier for those who live there, even for Tuscany identity! All territorial marketing policies take based on this resource and there can be a project to develop the territory in the absence of a precise plan for the protection and enhancement of the landscape, more so if we refer to the agricultural landscape, the only element of naturalness . The same Regional Landscape Plan (adopted only for now) at various points highlights the urgent need to protect the rural landscape without infrastructure and the creation of works which are in conflict with the connotations of that identity, and the new government's program of our region, on this particular issue, pushing further ahead with a strong commitment towards the reduction of land consumption and the protection of rural areas . The availability of fertile land, in fact, is a non-renewable and limited resource, constantly subject to erosion (in the last 40 years, Italy has lost more than 5 million hectares of farmland!) With an extension of the building is not always rational, often disconnected from the needs of satisfying housing needs related to population growth or needs dictated by new initiatives productive.
now these reasons that push us to demand greater attention and respect to the fertile lands that still exist in the area and at the same time, a joint planning by taking into account a double requirement: the dissemination of renewable energy sources and soil protection agricultural and landscape. Allowing them to prevent and resolve conflict is a risk of political and cultural may see two opposing legitimate and fundamental needs.

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VACCINATIONS?

Many owners of dogs and cats with saccenza who say "I never vaccinated my dog \u200b\u200b/ cat and I never had any problems!"





as a veterinarian I can not say more than "Blessed are you! And for the sake of your pets will always hope that everything goes well (although I fear that will not always be so )..."

Cane. The vaccination is performed in the context of a vaccination card, which shall evaluate the general health of the animal.
E 'recommended vaccination Our Fido against:
- Parvovirus gastroenteritis or infectious causes severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting;
- Distemper, which is manifested by respiratory symptoms and neurological problems;
- Infectious Hepatitis (CAV-1, CAV-2), affects often causing permanent damage to the liver;
- respiratory virus diseases (Larigotracheite, Parainfluenza) that cause severe outbreaks of pneumonia and cough (that of kennels);
- leptospirosis, causing kidney and liver failure (transmitted by infected mice that infect the water with their urine.
These diseases can affect puppies and adult with often fatal results, and only the most effective strategy is prevention!

Cat. Even for cats vaccination is carried out simultaneously for a visit.
immunization through vaccination aims to prevent and / or reduce the clinical symptoms of the following diseases:
- rhinotracheitis infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract (caused by different infectious agents) that can occur in acute form often undergoes chronic;
- calicivirus that, like the Feline viral rhinotracheitis, affects the respiratory tract;
- Panleucopenia or feline parvovirus, a highly contagious infectious disease and mortality, causing a marked leukopenia (reduced white blood cell count ) and severe enteritis;
- chlamydiosis, caused by a respiratory pathogen whose transmission is not airborne, but direct contact between infected and healthy subjects soggitti through infected secretions oculo-nasal;
- leukemia, neoplastic disease with fatal outcome.